Index: ext/googletest/googletest/docs/V1_6_PumpManual.md
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-
-
-Pump is Useful for Meta Programming.
-
-# The Problem #
-
-Template and macro libraries often need to define many classes,
-functions, or macros that vary only (or almost only) in the number of
-arguments they take. It's a lot of repetitive, mechanical, and
-error-prone work.
-
-Variadic templates and variadic macros can alleviate the problem.
-However, while both are being considered by the C++ committee, neither
-is in the standard yet or widely supported by compilers. Thus they
-are often not a good choice, especially when your code needs to be
-portable. And their capabilities are still limited.
-
-As a result, authors of such libraries often have to write scripts to
-generate their implementation. However, our experience is that it's
-tedious to write such scripts, which tend to reflect the structure of
-the generated code poorly and are often hard to read and edit. For
-example, a small change needed in the generated code may require some
-non-intuitive, non-trivial changes in the script. This is especially
-painful when experimenting with the code.
-
-# Our Solution #
-
-Pump (for Pump is Useful for Meta Programming, Pretty Useful for Meta
-Programming, or Practical Utility for Meta Programming, whichever you
-prefer) is a simple meta-programming tool for C++. The idea is that a
-programmer writes a `foo.pump` file which contains C++ code plus meta
-code that manipulates the C++ code. The meta code can handle
-iterations over a range, nested iterations, local meta variable
-definitions, simple arithmetic, and conditional expressions. You can
-view it as a small Domain-Specific Language. The meta language is
-designed to be non-intrusive (s.t. it won't confuse Emacs' C++ mode,
-for example) and concise, making Pump code intuitive and easy to
-maintain.
-
-## Highlights ##
-
- * The implementation is in a single Python script and thus ultra portable: no build or installation is needed and it works cross platforms.
- * Pump tries to be smart with respect to [Google's style guide](http://code.google.com/p/google-styleguide/): it breaks long lines (easy to have when they are generated) at acceptable places to fit within 80 columns and indent the continuation lines correctly.
- * The format is human-readable and more concise than XML.
- * The format works relatively well with Emacs' C++ mode.
-
-## Examples ##
-
-The following Pump code (where meta keywords start with `$`, `[[` and `]]` are meta brackets, and `$$` starts a meta comment that ends with the line):
-
-```
-$var n = 3 $$ Defines a meta variable n.
-$range i 0..n $$ Declares the range of meta iterator i (inclusive).
-$for i [[
- $$ Meta loop.
-// Foo$i does blah for $i-ary predicates.
-$range j 1..i
-template
-class Foo$i {
-$if i == 0 [[
- blah a;
-]] $elif i <= 2 [[
- blah b;
-]] $else [[
- blah c;
-]]
-};
-
-]]
-```
-
-will be translated by the Pump compiler to:
-
-```
-// Foo0 does blah for 0-ary predicates.
-template
-class Foo0 {
- blah a;
-};
-
-// Foo1 does blah for 1-ary predicates.
-template
-class Foo1 {
- blah b;
-};
-
-// Foo2 does blah for 2-ary predicates.
-template
-class Foo2 {
- blah b;
-};
-
-// Foo3 does blah for 3-ary predicates.
-template
-class Foo3 {
- blah c;
-};
-```
-
-In another example,
-
-```
-$range i 1..n
-Func($for i + [[a$i]]);
-$$ The text between i and [[ is the separator between iterations.
-```
-
-will generate one of the following lines (without the comments), depending on the value of `n`:
-
-```
-Func(); // If n is 0.
-Func(a1); // If n is 1.
-Func(a1 + a2); // If n is 2.
-Func(a1 + a2 + a3); // If n is 3.
-// And so on...
-```
-
-## Constructs ##
-
-We support the following meta programming constructs:
-
-| `$var id = exp` | Defines a named constant value. `$id` is valid util the end of the current meta lexical block. |
-|:----------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `$range id exp..exp` | Sets the range of an iteration variable, which can be reused in multiple loops later. |
-| `$for id sep [[ code ]]` | Iteration. The range of `id` must have been defined earlier. `$id` is valid in `code`. |
-| `$($)` | Generates a single `$` character. |
-| `$id` | Value of the named constant or iteration variable. |
-| `$(exp)` | Value of the expression. |
-| `$if exp [[ code ]] else_branch` | Conditional. |
-| `[[ code ]]` | Meta lexical block. |
-| `cpp_code` | Raw C++ code. |
-| `$$ comment` | Meta comment. |
-
-**Note:** To give the user some freedom in formatting the Pump source
-code, Pump ignores a new-line character if it's right after `$for foo`
-or next to `[[` or `]]`. Without this rule you'll often be forced to write
-very long lines to get the desired output. Therefore sometimes you may
-need to insert an extra new-line in such places for a new-line to show
-up in your output.
-
-## Grammar ##
-
-```
-code ::= atomic_code*
-atomic_code ::= $var id = exp
- | $var id = [[ code ]]
- | $range id exp..exp
- | $for id sep [[ code ]]
- | $($)
- | $id
- | $(exp)
- | $if exp [[ code ]] else_branch
- | [[ code ]]
- | cpp_code
-sep ::= cpp_code | empty_string
-else_branch ::= $else [[ code ]]
- | $elif exp [[ code ]] else_branch
- | empty_string
-exp ::= simple_expression_in_Python_syntax
-```
-
-## Code ##
-
-You can find the source code of Pump in [scripts/pump.py](../scripts/pump.py). It is still
-very unpolished and lacks automated tests, although it has been
-successfully used many times. If you find a chance to use it in your
-project, please let us know what you think! We also welcome help on
-improving Pump.
-
-## Real Examples ##
-
-You can find real-world applications of Pump in [Google Test](http://www.google.com/codesearch?q=file%3A\.pump%24+package%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fgoogletest\.googlecode\.com) and [Google Mock](http://www.google.com/codesearch?q=file%3A\.pump%24+package%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fgooglemock\.googlecode\.com). The source file `foo.h.pump` generates `foo.h`.
-
-## Tips ##
-
- * If a meta variable is followed by a letter or digit, you can separate them using `[[]]`, which inserts an empty string. For example `Foo$j[[]]Helper` generate `Foo1Helper` when `j` is 1.
- * To avoid extra-long Pump source lines, you can break a line anywhere you want by inserting `[[]]` followed by a new line. Since any new-line character next to `[[` or `]]` is ignored, the generated code won't contain this new line.